Sep 23, · In her PhD thesis, Annie also points out of the work: “I only adopt the narrow definitions of a mother and motherhood so that I may explore a woman’s specific maternal experience and relationship with her children, starting with the biologically female body in the human world TeX (/ t ɛ x /, see below), stylized within the system as T e X, is a typesetting system which was designed and written by Donald Knuth and first released in TeX is a popular means of typesetting complex mathematical formulae; it has been noted as one of the most sophisticated digital typographical systems.. TeX is widely used in academia, especially in mathematics, computer science DGM - Typography for Interactivity. DGM - Interactive Information Design 2. In the thesis project experience, PhD Programs. Northeastern offers 33 doctoral programs—in emerging fields within the sciences, humanities, social sciences, and engineering
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Hermann Zapf German: [tsapf] ; 8 November — 4 June was a German type designer and calligrapher who lived in DarmstadtGermany. He was married to the calligrapher and typeface designer Gudrun Zapf-von Hesse. Typefaces he designed include PalatinoOptimaand Zapfino. Zapf was born in Nuremberg [1] during turbulent times marked by the German Revolution of — in Munich phd thesis typography Berlinthe end of World War Ithe exile of Kaiser Wilhelmand the establishment of Bavaria as a free state by Kurt Eisner.
In addition, the Spanish flu pandemic took hold in Europe in and Two of Zapf's siblings died of the disease. In school, Zapf was mainly interested in technical subjects. One of his favorite books was the annual science journal Das neue Universum The New Universe.
He and his older brother experimented with electricity, building a crystal radio and an alarm system for his house. Even at this early age, Zapf was already getting involved phd thesis typography type, inventing cipher alphabets to exchange secret messages with his brother.
Zapf left school in with the ambition of pursuing a phd thesis typography in electrical engineering. However, his father had become unemployed and was in trouble with the newly established Third Reichhaving been involved with trade unions, [2] and was sent to the Dachau concentration camp for a short time.
Under the new political regime, phd thesis typography, Zapf was not able to attend the Ohm Technical Institute in Nuremberg, and therefore he needed to find an apprenticeship.
His teachers, aware of the new political difficulties, noticed Zapf's skill in drawing and suggested that he become a lithographer, phd thesis typography.
Each company that interviewed him for an apprenticeship would ask him political questions, and every time he was interviewed, he was complimented on his work but was rejected. Ten months later, inhe was interviewed by the last company in the telephone directory, and the company did not ask any political questions.
They also complimented Zapf's work, but did not do lithography and did not need an apprentice lithographer. However, they allowed him to become a retoucher, and Zapf began his four-year apprenticeship in February InZapf attended an exhibition in Nuremberg in honor of the late typographer Rudolf Koch.
This exhibition gave him his first interest in lettering. Zapf bought two books there, using them to teach himself calligraphy. He also studied examples of calligraphy in the Nuremberg city library. Soon, his master noticed his expertise in calligraphy, and Zapf's work shifted to retouching lettering and improving his colleagues' retouching. A few days after finishing his apprenticeship, Zapf left for Frankfurt. He did not bear a journeyman 's certificate and thus would not be able phd thesis typography get a work permit at another company in Nuremberg, as they would not have been able to check on his qualifications.
Zapf went to the Phd thesis typography Haus zum Fürsteneck, a building run by Paul Koch, son of Rudolf Koch. He spent most of his time there working in typography and writing songbooks, phd thesis typography. Through print historian Gustav Mori, Zapf came into contact with the type foundries D. Stempel, AGand Linotype GmbH of Frankfurt. Inhe designed his first printed typeface for them, Gilgengart, phd thesis typography, a Fraktur.
On 1 AprilZapf was conscripted and sent to Pirmasens to help reinforce the Siegfried Line against France. As a consequence of hard labor, he developed heart trouble in a few weeks and was given a desk job, writing camp records and sports certificates in Fraktur. World War II broke out in September, and Zapf's unit was to be taken into the Wehrmacht, phd thesis typography.
However, because of his heart trouble, Zapf was not transferred to phd thesis typography Wehrmacht but was instead dismissed. On 1 Aprilhe was summoned again for the war effort.
Zapf had been chosen for the Luftwaffebut instead was sent to the artillery in Weimar. He did not perform well, confusing left and right during training and being too cautious and clumsy with his gun.
His officers soon brought an unusually early end to his career in the artillery, phd thesis typography. Zapf was sent back to the office and then to Jüterbog to train as a phd thesis typography. After that, phd thesis typography, he went to Dijon and then Bordeauxjoining the staff of the First Army.
In the cartography unit at Bordeaux, Zapf drew maps of Spain, especially the railway system, phd thesis typography, which could have been used to transport artillery had Francisco Franco not used narrow-gauge tracks to repair bridges after the Spanish Civil War. Zapf was happy in the cartography unit. His eyesight was so good that he could write letters 1 millimeter in height without using a magnifying phd thesis typography, and this skill probably prevented him from being commissioned back into the army.
After the war had ended, Zapf was held by the French as a prisoner of war at a field hospital in Tübingen. He was treated with respect because of his artwork and, on account of his poor health, was sent home only four weeks after the end of the war.
He went back to Nuremberg, which had suffered phd thesis typography damage in air raids. Zapf taught calligraphy in Nuremberg in He returned to Frankfurt inwhere the type foundry Stempel offered him a position as artistic head of their printshop.
They did not ask for qualifications, certificates, or references, but instead only required him to show them his sketchbooks from the war and a calligraphic piece he did in of Hans von Weber's "Junggesellentext". One of Zapf's projects was the book Feder und Stichel "Pen and Graver"printed from metal plates designed by Zapf and cut by the punchcutter August Rosenberger during the war.
It was printed at the Stempel printshop in From toZapf taught calligraphy at the Arts and Crafts School in Offenbachgiving lettering lessons twice a week to two classes of graphics students. On 1 August he married Gudrun von Hessewho taught at the school of Städel in Frankfurt, phd thesis typography.
Most of Zapf's work as a graphic artist was in book design. He worked for various publishing houses, including Suhrkamp VerlagInsel VerlagBüchergilde GutenbergHanser VerlagDr. Ludwig Reichert Verlagand Verlag Philipp von Zabern.
Zapf's career in type design spanned the three most recent stages of printing: hot metal composition, phototypesetting also called cold typeand digital typesetting. His two most famous typefacesPalatino and Optimawere designed in andrespectively.
It was named after the 16th-century Italian writing master Giambattista Palatino, phd thesis typography. It became better known after it became one of the core 35 PostScript fonts inbundled with virtually all PostScript devices from laser printers to imagesetters. Optima, phd thesis typography, a flared sans-serif, was released by Stempel in Zapf intended the design to bridge serifs and sans serifs and to be suitable for both headings and continuous passages of text.
Zapf's work reached into a range of genres. While Palatino and Optima are warm, phd thesis typography designs inspired by Italian Renaissance calligraphy, printing and stonecarving, he also designed a number of serif text fonts, such as Melior, in the more austere, classical style, following the work of the great German neoclassical printer Justus Erich Walbaum. Opinion on Zapf's later designs has not always been favourable: Phd thesis typography Zhukov remembered his contemporary Adrian Frutiger commenting, with reference to URW Groteskthat Zapf was "not a sans-serif man" at a conference inand graphic designer Dan Margulis commented on a retrospective that "he participated in the s trend toward faces with very large x-heights and tight letterfits; his major works in that genre, Zapf Book and Zapf International, phd thesis typography, have deservedly been forgotten you would have to say that his historical standing will be based on the first ten years of his professional career.
Zapf's later releases for Linotype in the s and s, often created in collaboration with Akira Kobayashi, were radical reformations of his previous work, often removing compromises that had been necessary in the manufacture of metal type. Phd thesis typography this period he created Palatino Sans, a more phd thesis typography modulated sans serif than Optima.
Zapf's typefaces have been widely copied, usually, but not always against his will. The best-known example may be Monotype's Book Antiquawhich was included in Microsoft Office and is often considered an imitation of Palatino. InZapf resigned from ATypI Association Typographique Internationale over what he viewed as its hypocritical attitude toward unauthorized copying by prominent ATypI members, phd thesis typography.
At a conference of the Raster Imaging and Digital Typography association in Darmstadt, Germany, a panel discussion on digital typefaces and designers' rights strongly criticized the alleged plagiarism of Zapf's Palatino, while several Microsoft attendees listened in the audience. InMicrosoft worked with Zapf and Linotype to develop a new, authorized version of Palatino phd thesis typography Microsoft, called Palatino Linotype.
Sometimes, however, Zapf worked with a font maker to make new versions of his existing typefaces created for another company. For example, in the s Zapf worked phd thesis typography Bitstream to make versions of many of his prior typefaces, including Palatino, Optima and Melior, all with "Zapf" in their new names.
Zapf is considered one of the great calligraphers, but he did not work extensively doing commercial lettering and calligraphy.
But his ideas about calligraphy indirectly phd thesis typography the look of the midth century as he served as a consultant to Hallmark Cards throughout the s and 70s, helping them to develop a style manual for their lettering artists. His calligraphy was primarily limited to studies and personal works of art. He also taught calligraphy as a part of his workshops every summer at Rochester Institute of Technology during the s. Zapf worked on typography for computer programs from the s onwards.
His ideas were considered radical, not taken seriously in Germany, and rejected by the Technische Universität Darmstadtwhere he phd thesis typography from to Because he had no success in Germany, Zapf went to the United States, where he lectured about computerized typesetting, and was invited to speak at Harvard University in The University of Texas at Austin was also interested in Zapf and offered phd thesis typography a professorship, which he did not take, because his wife opposed a move to that state.
Because Zapf's plans for the United States had come to nothing, and because their house in Frankfurt had become too small, Zapf and phd thesis typography wife moved to Darmstadt in InRochester Institute of Technology offered Zapf a professorship in typographic computer programming, the first of its kind in the world.
He taught there from toflying between Darmstadt and Rochester. There he developed his ideas further, with the help of his connections in companies such as IBM and Xerox and his discussions with computer specialists at Rochester. A number of Zapf's students from this time at RIT went on to become influential type designers, including Kris Holmes and Charles Bigelowwho together created the Lucida type family. Other prominent students include the calligrapher and type designer Julian Waters and book designer Jerry Kelly.
InZapf and his friends Aaron Burns and Herb Lubalin founded Design Processing International, Inc. Burns, also an expert in typeface design and typography, was in charge of marketing until his death in Shortly before, two of their employees had stolen Zapf's ideas and founded a company of their own. Zapf knew that he could not run an American company from Darmstadt and did not want to move to New York. Instead, he used his experience to begin the development of a typesetting program, the " Hz-program ", building on the hyphenation and justification system in TeX.
Inphd thesis typography, Zapf completed the typeface AMS Euler with Donald Knuth and graduate students in Knuth's and Charles Bigelow's digital typography program at Stanford Universityincluding students Dan Mills, phd thesis typography, Carol Twomblyand David Siegel and Knuth's computer science PhD students Scott Kim and John Hobby, for the American Mathematical Society.
Euler digital font production was eventually finished by Siegel as his M. thesis project in Euler is a typeface family for phd thesis typography composition including Latin, Fraktur and Greek letters. After Siegel finished his studies at Stanford and was interested in entering the field of typography, he told Zapf his idea of making a typeface with a large number of glyph variations and wanted to start with an example of Zapf's calligraphy, which had been reproduced in a publication of the Society of Typographic Arts in Chicago.
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May 31, · This usage of the en dash is especially common in British English, while the em dash is more prevalent in American English.. If you choose to use en dashes in this way, make sure to do so consistently. A common mistake is using both forms in the same text The PhD is a four year degree consisting of 48 credit points of coursework and research training followed by credit points (6 sessions or part time equivalent) research thesis. The PhD program is aimed at candidates who are interested in pursuing their career as an academic or in private and public organisations which focus on research and Answer (1 of 2): I have used MikTeX and TeX Live, I feel, performance wise they both are similar, at least in windows machine. Though installing, updating package, installing a new package, in windows is slightly easier with MikTeX than TeXLive. So it does not matter whichever you choose, it will
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